Correction Fluids

A correction fluid is an opaque, white fluid applied to paper to mask errors in text. Once dried, it can be written over. Earlier It is typically packaged in small bottles, and the lid has an attached brush (or a triangular piece of foam) which dips into the bottle, but now both are mixed together and filled in pen that’s why we now a days, call it as correction pen. The pen is spring-loaded and, when dabbed onto the paper, releases a small amount of fluid. If the pen does dry out, a few vigorous shakes usually get the fluid to flow again. Compared to the bottled form, the pen allows a more even and thin application, and is less prone to drying out (since only a tiny surface is exposed during application) or clogging.

History:

Before the invention of word processors, correction fluid greatly facilitated the production of typewritten documents. One of the first forms of correction fluid was invented in 1951 by the secretary Bette Nesmith Graham, founder of Liquid Paper.

Chemical composition:

It contains volatile organic compounds; like thinner, which originally contained toluene, which was banned due to its toxicity. Later, it contained 1,1,1-trichloroethane, a skin irritant now widely banned under the Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the Ozone Layer, and then the slightly safer trichloroethylene. Thinners currently used with correction fluid include bromopropane.

To avoid the inconveniences of organic solvents (safety and availability), some brands of fluid are water-based. However, those have the disadvantages of a longer drying time, and incompatibility with some inks (which will soak through them).

Harmful Effect:

In India the Pune police are struggling to cope with increasing cases of addiction to 'whitener'. Since it is not covered as a substance under the Narcotics Drugs and Psychotropic Substances (NDPS) Act, the police are finding it difficult to tackle this menace. So the after all incidents, Government of India banned the correction fluids with the liquid separately.

ADVANCED 3D SCANNING IN INDIA

THIS ADVANCE 3D SCANNING TECHNOLOGY ALLOWS USER TO CONVERT ANY 3D PHYSICAL DATA TO 3D CAD DATA,IT HAS ACCURACY IN MICRONS AND USED IN REVERSE ENGINEERING,FEM,CAD/CAM,CIM AND HAS VARIOUS APPLICATIONS IN ENGINEERING.

STUDENT,INDUSTRIES,ORGANISATIONS WHO ARE INTERESTED IN  GAINING KNOWLEDGE OF THIS FIELD CAN REPLY GENUINELY TO THIS POST.

Cheap And Clean Energy For Rural Areas

A small innovation make a great impact if followed by masses.

our green planet is facing problem of global warming and to fight back with this problem designer needs to innovate new design and techniques to implement in  modern structures.
Water beach based bulb is working on basic principle
of reflection and refraction.

We Should Know the Hidden Truth of Scientific Inventions: Series 1

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose: The Unsung Hero & The Real Inventor of Radio (Wireless receiver)

We all use to listen music,songs,News,Debates,Cricket commentary and many more things on Radio and from our childhood we have read in books and heard from our teachers that Radio is invented by Guglielmo Marconi an Italian Scientist. This invention revolutionized the field of communication because it was wireless and first time the term Wireless Communication comes into existence.

In the year 1998, Dr. Probir K. Bondyopadhyay found out that it was actually Sir J. C. Bose who invented Marconi's Italian Navy Autocoherer. He explained the sequence of events in great detail in his paper, "Sir J. C. Bose's Diode Detector Received Marconi's First Transatlantic Wireless Signal Of December 1901 (The "Italian Navy Coherer" Scandal Revisited)." [ 3, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 86, No. 1, January 1998.]

According to Dr. Probir K. Bondyopadhyay -

The true origin of the “mercury coherer with a telephone”receiver that was used by G. Marconi to receive the first transatlantic wireless signal on December 12, 1901, has been investigated and determined. Incontrovertible evidence is presented to show that this novel wireless detection device was invented by Sir.

J. C. Bose of Presidency College, Calcutta, India. His epoch making work was communicated by Lord Rayleigh, F.R.S., to the Royal Society, London, U.K., on March 6, 1899, and read at the Royal Society Meeting of Great Britain on April 27, 1899. Soon after, it was published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society. Twenty-one months after that disclosure (in February 1901, as the records indicate), Lieutenant L. Solari of the Royal Italian Navy, a childhood friend of G. Marconi’s, experimented with this detector

device and presented a trivially modified version to Marconi, who then applied for a British patent on the device. Surrounded by a scandal, this detection device, actually a semiconductor diode, is known to the outside world as the “Italian Navy Coherer.”

Sir J C Bose with his 1st Wireless receiver 

Achievements of Sir J. C. Bose in the field of communication :

• Sir J. C. Bose invented the Mercury Coherer (together with the telephone receiver) used by Guglielmo Marconi to receive the radio signal in his first transatlantic radio communication over a distance of 2000 miles from Poldhu, UK to Newfoundland, St. Johns in December 1901. Guglielmo Marconi was celebrated worldwide for this achievement, but the fact that the receiver was invented by Bose was totally concealed.
• In 1895, Sir J. C. Bose gave his first public demonstration of electromagnetic waves, using them to ring a bell remotely and to explode some gunpowder. He sent an electromagnetic wave across 75 feet passing through walls and body of the Chairman, Lieutenant Governor of Bengal.
• Sir J. C. Bose holds the first patent worldwide to invent a solid-state diode detector to detect EM waves. The detector was built using a galena crystal. 
• Sir J. C. Bose was a pioneer in the field of microwave devices. His contribution remains distinguished in the field and was acknowledged by the likes of Lord Kelvin, Lord Rayleigh, etc. 

The Lady Scientist

From first look one would think that the stream of her life also must have been quiet, easy, uneventful. It was not so, she had many hurdles to cross. Many rapids to pass, before she could be known as a ‘Woman in Science’.

After passing her B.Sc from Bombay University  she thought that doing research work at that famous institute was a matter of course. She then applied for admission there and received a prompt refusal. The reason cited being that she was a woman. The illustrious director of the institute, Sir C.V. Raman, Nobel Laureate, did not think a woman scientist, to be research material!

Kamala refused to accept this refusal based on gender bias and  she decided to do Satyagraha in Raman’s office, till she was admitted. Prof. Raman granted her admission with some condition that for one full year she would be on probation; meaning that she could work but that work would not be recognized until the director was satisfied about its quality and also that her presence did not distract his male researchers from their work. Kamala accepted these terms, but one can only imagine her indignation at them. The first hurdle in her pursuit of science was crossed (1933). At the Institute of Science, Bangalore, she worked very hard under her teacher, Shri Sreenivasayya. He was very strict, demanding and at the same time eager to impart knowledge to deserving students. After observing her for a year, Raman was satisfied about her sincerity and discipline. She was allowed to do regular research in Bio-chemistry. He was impressed enough to admit lady students to the institute from then on. This was another victory for Kamala, and through her for other aspiring Indian women scientists.

TECHNOLOGY OF DIGITAL HOLOGRAPHY

Infrared digital holography allows firefighters to see through flames, image moving people

Firefighters put their lives on the line in some of the most dangerous conditions on Earth. One of their greatest challenges, however, is seeing through thick veils of smoke and walls of flame to find people in need of rescue. A team of Italian researchers has developed a new imaging technique that uses infrared (IR) digital holography to peer through chaotic conflagrations and capture potentially lifesaving and otherwise hidden details. The team describes its breakthrough results and their applications in a paper published February 26 in the Optical Society's (OSA) open-access journal Optics Express.

Firefighters can see through smoke using current IR camera technology. However, such instruments are blinded by the intense infrared radiation emitted by flames, which overwhelm the sensitive detectors and limit their use in the field. By employing a specialized lens-free technique, the researchers have created a system that is able to cope with the flood of radiation from an environment filled with flames as well as smoke.

"IR cameras cannot 'see' objects or humans behind flames because of the need for a zoom lens that concentrates the rays on the sensor to form the image," says Pietro Ferraro of the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Istituto Nazionale di Ottica in Italy. By eliminating the need for the zoom lens, the new technique avoids this drawback.

"It became clear to us that we had in our hands a technology that could be exploited by emergency responders and firefighters at a fire scene to see through smoke without being blinded by flames, a limitation of existing technology," Ferraro says. "Perhaps most importantly, we demonstrated for the first time that a holographic recording of a live person can be achieved even while the body is moving."

Holography is a means of producing a 3-D image of an object. To create a hologram, such as those typically seen on credit cards, a laser beam is split into two (an object beam and a reference beam). The object beam is shone onto the object being imaged. When the reflected object beam and the reference beam are recombined, they create an interference pattern that encodes the 3-D image.

In the researchers' new imaging system, a beam of infrared laser light is widely dispersed throughout a room. Unlike visible light, which cannot penetrate thick smoke and flames, the IR rays pass through largely unhindered. The IR light does, however, reflect off of any objects or people in the room, and the information carried by this reflected light is recorded by a holographic imager. It is then decoded to reveal the objects beyond the smoke and flames. The result is a live, 3-D movie of the room and its contents.

"It became clear to us that we had in our hands a technology that could be exploited by emergency responders and firefighters at a fire scene to see through smoke without being blinded by flames, a limitation of existing technology," Ferraro says. "Perhaps most importantly, we demonstrated for the first time that a holographic recording of a live person can be achieved even while the body is moving."

Holography is a means of producing a 3-D image of an object. To create a hologram, such as those typically seen on credit cards, a laser beam is split into two (an object beam and a reference beam). The object beam is shone onto the object being imaged. When the reflected object beam and the reference beam are recombined, they create an interference pattern that encodes the 3-D image.

In the researchers' new imaging system, a beam of infrared laser light is widely dispersed throughout a room. Unlike visible light, which cannot penetrate thick smoke and flames, the IR rays pass through largely unhindered. The IR light does, however, reflect off of any objects or people in the room, and the information carried by this reflected light is recorded by a holographic imager. It is then decoded to reveal the objects beyond the smoke and flames. The result is a live, 3-D movie of the room and its contents.

Novel Wireless Brain Sensor Unveiled: Wireless, Broadband, Rechargeable, Fully Implantable

A team of neuro-engineers based at Brown University has developed a fully implantable and rechargeable wireless brain sensor capable of relaying real-time broadband signals from up to 100 neurons in freely moving subjects. Several copies of the novel low-power device, have been performing well in animal models for more than year, a first in the brain-computer interface field. Brain-computer interfaces could help people with severe paralysis control devices with their thoughts.

Arto Nurmikko, professor of engineering at Brown University who oversaw the device's invention, is presenting it this week at the 2013 International Workshop on Clinical Brain-Machine Interface Systems in Houston.

According to him "This has features that are somewhat akin to a cell phone, except the conversation that is being sent out is the brain talking wirelessly".

Engineers Arto Nurmikko and Ming Yin examine their prototype wireless, broadband neural sensing device. (Credit: Fred Field for Brown University)

Neuro-scientists can use such a device to observe, record, and analyze the signals emitted by scores of neurons in particular parts of the animal model's brain.

Meanwhile, wired systems using similar implantable sensing electrodes are being investigated in brain-computer interface research to assess the feasibility of people with severe paralysis moving assistive devices like robotic arms or computer cursors by thinking about moving their arms and hands.

This wireless system addresses a major need for the next step in providing a practical brain-computer interface.